B
Today, paper-making is a big business. But it is still possible to make paper by hand, since the steps are the same as using big machines.
You should use paper with small amounts of printing. Old envelopes are good for this reason. Colored paper also can be used, as well as small amounts of newspaper. Small pieces of rags or cloth can be added. These should be cut into pieces about five centimeters by five centimeters.
Everything is placed in a container, covered with water and brought to a boil. It is mixed for about two hours with some common chemicals and then allowed to cool. Then it is left until most of the water dries up. The substance left, called pulp(纸浆), can be stored until you are ready to make paper.
When you are ready, the pulp is mixed with water again. Then the pulp is poured into a mold. The mold is made of small squares of wire that hold the shape and thickness of the paper. To help dry the paper, the mold lets the water flow through the small wire squares.
After several more drying steps, the paper is carefully lifted back from the mold. It is now strong enough to be touched.
The paper is smoothed and pressed to remove trapped air. You can use a common electric iron used for pressing clothes.
24. It is suggested that we “should choose paper with small amounts of printing” to_____.
A. make paper by ourselves B. renew the old envelopes
C. make various colored paper D. create our own newspaper
25. Whether the paper is strong enough to be touched is determined by _____.
A. how long the pulp is stored B. how thick the paper is
C. how much water remains D. what type of chemicals are used
26. When the paper is lifted from the mold, it is time to _____.
A. make it smooth B. make it strong
C. decorate it D. use an iron
27. The passage is most probably intended to _____.
A. introduce the history of paper-making
B. describe the process of paper-making
C. compare the ancient with the modern paper-making
D. argue about the possibility of paper-making by hand
C
Zero gravity looks cool. But what about the thing no one likes to talk about? Yes, that is right: going to bathroom. Zero gravity makes this everyday task quite a challenge. Astronauts have to be toilet-trained all over again.
The Apollo astronauts raised themselves off the seat of their chairs and stuck a clear plastic bag to their back sides with sticky strips. A second astronaut watched closely to be sure no waste matter escaped the seal. (You would not want that stuff floating around the cabin!) When the deed was done, the astronaut cleaned up with a piece of plastic attached to the inside of the bag, removed the bag, dropped a disinfectant pill in with the waste matter, and put the whole thing, sealed, into a special container.
Donald W. Rethke, an engineer for Hamilton Standard Space Systems, developed a more private way to answer nature’s call: the space toilet. It is somewhat like the kind of toilet one would find on commercial airplanes --- with unique adaptations for zero gravity, of course. For instance, it has thigh bars that keep the astronaut from floating off the seat.
The astronaut (male or female) defecates (排便) in a bag and urinates (排尿) in a hose. Solid and liquid wastes are kept separated because at least 85% of the urine is recycled and, yes, after careful filtration, used for drinking and other purposes. (Water is always in demand in space.) A vacuum sucks the waste materials into the toilet, where the waste is compacted into hamburger-like patties for easy storage. Although not exactly like an earthbound visit to the toilet, it is at the very least much more private than in the early days of space travel.
28. According to the first paragraph, the lack of the gravity can turn something as simple as _______ into a major challenge.
A. eating B. taking baths C. sleeping D. answering nature’s call
29. How did astronauts use toilet systems in the Apollo days?
A. None of the waste was separated as it is now.
B. Solid waste was compressed and stored on board.
C. The toilet units used water to remove the waste through the system.
D. The astronauts each used their own private restroom.
30. To ensure the user remains seated, the toilet comes equipped with _______
A. a plastic bag B. a sticky strip C. a wide hose D. a thigh bar
31. What can be inferred from the fact that most of the astronauts’ urine is recycled?
A. The recycled water tastes better.
B. Water is limited on the space shuttle.
C. It is very convenient to get their urine recycled.
D. Space science includes recycling urine.
D
The federal school lunch program for 30 million low-income children was created more than half a century ago to combat malnutrition(营养不良). A breakfast program was added during the 1960s, and both attempted to improve the nutritional value of food served at school.
More must be done to fight the childhood obesity(肥胖) epidemic, which has caused a frightening peak in weight-related disorders like diabetes, high-blood pressure and heart disease among young people. The place to start is schools, where junk food sold outside the federal meals program—through snack bars and vending machines—has pretty much canceled out the benefits of all those efforts.
Federal rules that govern the sales of these harmful foods at school are limited and have not been updated for nearly 40 years. Until new regulations are written, children who are served healthy meals in the school cafeteria will continue to buy candy drinks and high sodium(钠) snacks elsewhere in school.
Many states’ school districts have taken positive steps, but others are likely to resist, especially districts that sell junk food to finance athletic program extracurricular activities, and even copier expenses.
Those districts should take note of a study released in 2009 in West Virginia showing that the budgetary costs of switching from sodas to healthy drinks such as fruit juice, milk, and water were very little. Even if the switch costs money, so be it. The school should not be trading their students’ health to buy office supplies.
Over the last five decades, the obesity rates for adolescents have tripled. Unless there is decisive action, weight and inactivity-related disorders will bother a steady larger proportion of the work force and replace smoking as the leading cause of premature death.
32. According to this passage, ______ are to blame for the childhood obesity.
A. weight-related disorders B. high calorie snacks
C. parents’ bad habits D. unhealthy lunches and breakfast
33. Which is the main idea of Paragraph 3?
A. Federal governments deserve high praise for their school lunch program.
B. New regulations are badly in need of updating.
C. Children should be forbidden to buy snacks in school.
D. Federal rules encourage snacks outside the school program.
34. The passage is concerned mainly with ______.
A. Malnutrition in low-income children
B. The federal school lunch program
C. obesity at school
D. the nutritional value of food served at school
35. The tone of this passage is ______.
A. negative B. indifferent C. optimistic D. ironic
第二节（共5小题，每小题2分，满分10 分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Succeed in Science
To succeed in science, you need a lot more than luck. In my view, you have to combine intelligence with a willingness not to follow conventions when they block your path forward. Thus, these have come to be my rules for success.
1. 36
That might sound proud, but the fact is that you must always turn to people who are brighter than yourself. It’s like playing any game. Even as a child, I never wanted to play games with anyone who was as bad as I was. If you win, it gives you no pleasure. And in the game of science or life, the highest goal isn’t simply to win; it’s to win at something really difficult. 37
2. Take risks
To make a huge success, a scientist has to be prepared to get into deep trouble. If you are going to make a huge jump in science, you will very likely be unqualified to succeed by definition. 38 This can be more than personally upsetting.
3. Never do anything that bores you.
My experience in science is that someone is always telling you to do things, and then leave you alone. I’m not good enough to do well in something I dislike. 39
It’s very hard to succeed if you don’t want to be with other scientists — you have to go to key meetings where you spot key facts that would have escaped you. And you have to chat with your competitors, even if you find them objectionable.
So my final rule is: 40
A. Meet challenges with great courage.
B. If you can’t stand to be with your real peers, get out of science.
C. Put another way, it’s to go somewhere beyond your ability and come out on top.
D. Be sure you always have someone to save you from a deep mess.
E. Avoid foolish people.
F. In fact, I find it hard to do well in something I like.
G. Besides, you even have to be prepared to disbelieve your scientific heroes.
第三部分 英语知识运用（共两小节，满分45分）
第一节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题15分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Rudolph, a violin player, was not valued too much. One day, he traveled in a boat and was 41 in a storm. An old lighthouse(灯塔) man rescued him and led him into the lighthouse. After he had a long 42 with him, Rudolph learned more about the old man. Then 43 in the storm and the lighthouse and the old man lifted Rudolph 44 from his usual everyday 45 . He was filled with understanding and love. He was lifted to a 46 he had never known or 47 . He wanted to play music that showed the power of 48 and stars just for the old man. And 49 the storm and winds to join him, he stood and played the Kreutzer Sonata(奏鸣曲) of Beethoven.
The moments 50 . Moments that were days in the birth of fire and stars, moments of the 51 of all men, and finally moments that showed the 52 of all human spirit. Never 53 had Rudolph played with such power. 54 , waves and winds beat the lighthouse with giant hands. Above, the strong light 55 its life-saving beams across the dark and angry seas. Rudolph dropped his head to his chest, breathing 56 . The ocean threw its water over the land with the sound of many voices.
The old man sat without moving, his wide old hand 57 on his knees. He thought about the storm outside--- music made by God. He thought of Rudolph and his music --- 58 were part of the works of nature --- both were works of 59 . He nodded his head up and down, then turned to Rudolph.
“Yes,” he said… “That is 60 !”
41. A. arrested B. seen C. met D. caught
42. A. quarrel B. speech C. talk D. argument
43 A nothing B everything C something D anything
44. A. off B. away C. up D. down
45. A. feelings B. savings C. activities D. routines
46. A. country B. earth C. globe D. world
47. A. felt B. rose C. returned D. turned
48. A. water B. fire C. hire D. planet
49. A. as B. with C. for D. without
50. A. passed B. lasted C. froze D. increased
51. A. hope B. wish C. peace D. struggle
52. A. greatness B. smallness C. gentleness D. witness
53. A. before B. after C. below D. again
54. A. Into B. Inside C. Outside D. Outward
55.
A.
came
B.
went
C.
threw
D.